Thursday, May 21, 2020

Japanese Green Tea

Japanese tea is getting popular these days. This page helps you to learn how to pronounce the names of various Japanese teas. Ocha - Japanese tea in general Although cha means tea, it is usually called o-cha. O is a prefix of respect. Learn more about how to use o in Japanese words. How to Order Japanese Tea Ocha o kudasai. 㠁ŠèÅ' ¶Ã£â€šâ€™Ã£  Ã£   Ã£ â€¢Ã£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€š) Ocha, onegaishimasu. 㠁ŠèÅ' ¶Ã£â‚¬ Ã£ Å Ã© ¡ËœÃ£ â€žÃ£ â€"㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š This is how to order Japanese tea at Japanese restaurant. Both kudasai and onegaishimasu are used when making a request for items. Learn more about kudasai and onegaishimasu. The Japanese tea is complementary at most restaurants in Japan. Japanese Tea Pronunciation Here are the names of common Japanese teas. Click the links to hear the pronunciation. You might find it sounds monotone. This is because Japanese has a pitch accent unlike a stress accent in English. Matcha æŠ ¹Ã¨Å' ¶ Gyokuro 玉éÅ" ² Sencha ç…ŽèÅ' ¶ Bancha ç• ªÃ¨Å' ¶ Houjicha 㠁 »Ã£ â€ Ã£ ËœÃ¨Å' ¶ Genmaicha 玄ç ± ³Ã¨Å' ¶) Learn about each type of Japanese tea. Learn the pronunciation of other Japanese beverages. Trivia About Japanese Tea There is a matcha flavored Kit Kat, which is a limited version only available in Kyoto. Starbucks in Japan have a Matcha Latte just like the ones in North America. They also carry Sakura Steamed Milk and Sakura Frappuccino as spring specials. Sakura means cherry blossom.I find it is very Japanese to see Sakura Beverages on the menu. They remind me of Sakura-yu which is a tea-like drink made by steeping a salt-preserved cherry blossom in hot water. It is often served at weddings and other auspicious occasions. Bottled green tea (unsweetened) is a popular drink in Japan. You can easily find it in vending machines or convenience stores. Ochazuke is a simple dish which is basically Japanese tea poured over rice with savory toppings. Cha-soba is buckwheat noodles flavored with green tea powder. Matcha is also commonly used for sweets, such as cookies, cakes, chocolate, ice cream, Japanese sweets and so on. The Shizuoka prefecture has the largest production of green tea and it is considered the best tea in Japan.

Monday, May 18, 2020

Huck Finn Essay - 1835 Words

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain By Brenda Tarin British Literature 2323 Lois Flanagan January 27, 2009 Tarin ii I. Introduction II. Biographical sketch of author A. Past to present B. Experiences and achievements III Plot analysis A. analysis of plot structure 1. Exposition 2. Complication 3. Crisis 4. Climax 5. Resolution B. Theme of plot IV Critical analysis A. Theme 1. Racism 2. Slavery C. Characters D. Atmosphere E. Conflicts V. Evaluation VI. Review of movie version VII. Conclusion Tarin 1 The Adventures of Huckleberry†¦show more content†¦Clemens and Langdon had four children. (MarkTwain) Twain was most famous for â€Å"The Great American Novel† better yet known as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. This book has been outlawed in many Tarin 2 school libraries due to the extensive usage of explicit content, shown by the characters. Twain is also known for The Guilded Age, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, The Prince and the Pauper, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court, The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson, The Innocents Abroad, A Tramp Abroad, Life on the Mississippi, and Mark Twains Autobiography. He is also known for many famous short stories, speeches, and essays. Samuel Langhorne Clemens â€Å"Mark Twain† passed away from angina pectoris on April 21, 1910 (Mark Twain Biography) [pic] At the beginning of The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn, Huck lives with Widow Douglas. He has changed by becoming clean, having manners, and by going to school. Pap arrives in town when he hears Huck has money, he ruins all Tarin 3 of this and makes him move with him in a cabin, where no one else knows where it is located. Then Huck runs off to Jackson Island and fakes his murder by using a pigs blood as his own, also by making it look like a gang of robbers had murdered him. After a few days he ran into Jim who had ran away from Miss Watson because he had heard she was going to sell him for $800 south. They get together and live in Jackson Island, Here they encounter a lot of crazy days, they see a deadShow MoreRelatedHuck Finn1657 Words   |  7 Pageswished I was dead (221). Mark Twains, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is a tale about a boy in search for a family and a place he can truly call home. Through his adventure, he rids himself of a father that is deemed despicable by society, and he gains a father that society hasnt even deemed as a man. This lonely and depressed young boy only finds true happiness when he is befriended with a slave named Jim. Although Huck Finn was born and raised into a racially oppressive society, it is throughRead MoreEssay on Huck Finn822 Words   |  4 Pages Huck Finns relationship with slavery is very complex and often contradictory. He has been brought up to accept slavery. He can think of no worse crime than helping to free a slave. Despite this, he finds himself on the run with Jim, a runaway slave, and doing everything in his power to protect him. Huck Finn grew up around slavery. His father is a violent racist, who launches into tirades at the idea of free blacks roaming around the countryside. Miss Watson owns slaves, including Jim, so thatRead More Huck Finn Essay892 Words   |  4 PagesHuck Finn I recently read the book Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain. This story deals Mainly with a lost boy escaping his harsh existence, and a slave trying to reach freedom. During the course of this book, the slave Jim, and the Boy Huck Bond with each other. I enjoyed this book immensely for a couple different reasons. While I liked the story, and the plot kept me interested, the real reason I found myself enjoying this book so much, was Mark Twain’s use of the underlying theme of racismRead More Huck Finn Essay568 Words   |  3 Pagesuses his novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, to explore and makes fun of many problems facing American society. Huck, the main character, is considered a boy who is under pressure to conform to the aspects of society. Jim, who comes along with Huck, is a runaway slave seeking freedom from the world that has been denied it to him for so long. Throughout the entire novel Twain uses satire to show problems with society. Early in the novel, Huck scampers away with his good friend Tom and hisRead More Huck Finn Essay900 Words   |  4 Pages Tim Lively Critical Analysis: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Setting: Late 1800’s along the Mississippi River Plot: When the book begins, the main character, Huck Finn possesses a large sum of money. This causes his delinquent lifestyle to change drastically. Huck gets an education, and a home to live in with a caring elderly woman (the widow). One would think that Huck would be satisfied. Well, he wasn’t. He wanted his own lifestyle back. Huck’s drunkard father (pap), who had previouslyRead MoreEssay on Huck Finn941 Words   |  4 Pages Huckleberry Finn nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is one of the greatest, most daring novels in the world. Mark Twain’s style helps to realistically portray early America. Mark Twain tells the story through the voice of Huck, the very kindhearted main character. Everything that Huck says reflects the racism and black stereotypes typical of the era. This has lead to many conflicts from readers since the novel was first printed. HoweverRead MoreRacism In Huck Finn1867 Words   |  8 PagesIn The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the main character Huck encounters many racist people and ideas. As Huck goes on his adventure, he learns about society, it’s people and it’s beliefs. He then has to take what he has learned about society’s people which includes slaves, and decide if society’s beliefs are correct or incorrect. Throughout the novel, he sees how assimilated the people are with the racist ideas of society. In The Adventures of Huckleberr y Finn Mark Twain uses satire to suggestRead MoreEssay on Huck Finn2499 Words   |  10 Pages Throughout the Mark Twain (a.k.a. Samuel Clemens) novel, The Adventures of HuckleBerry Finn, a plain and striking point of view is expressed by the author. His point of view is that of a cynic; he looks upon civilized man as a merciless, cowardly, hypocritical savage, without want of change, nor ability to effect such change. Thus, one of Mark Twains main purposes in producing this work seems clear: he wishes to bring to attention some of mans often concealed shortcomings. While the examplesRead MoreArgumentative Essay Huck Finn958 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Argumentative Essay: Should The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn be taught in school? Daniel Perez Period 1 10/30/14 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel based on the journey Huck, a young boy with an abusive father, and Jim, a runaway slave, have down the Mississippi River to Free states for an end goal of freedom. Freedom means different things to both of them, to Huck freedom means to be able to do what he wants and not be â€Å"sivilized†, while Jim’s definition of freedom isRead More Racism In Huck Finn Essay1082 Words   |  5 PagesHuckleberry Finn. Huck was not raised in accord with the accepted ways of civilization. Huck faces many aspects of society, which makes him choose his own individuality over civilization. He practically raises himself, relying on instinct to guide him through life. As portrayed several times in the novel, Huck chooses to follow his innate sense of right, yet he does not realize that his own instincts are more moral than those of society. From the very beginning of Hucks story, Huck without a doubt

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Is Society Becoming too Dependent on Computers Essay

The computer has been one of man’s most influential inventions, paving the way for greater achievements with time. Today, computers have become an essential component in fulfilling everyday tasks in both our professional and personal lives. Computers are used to store vast amounts of information, and even replace humans in factories throughout the world. We must now ask ourselves, is this reliance on computers aiding the human mind in achieving its full potential or rather replacing it and hindering our progress? Society has now become dependant on computers. How does this machine affect our youth and learning process? We have invented a machine with a greater, and faster learning capacity as our own. A new generation has risen that have†¦show more content†¦Many supporters from this group also point out that the computer can be controlled and that computers are only as smart as we allow them to be, by themselves computers are quite dependant machines. Supporters of the anti-computer usage group state that computers hinder us more than they aid us. They believe we have invented a machine with a greater and faster learning capacity and soon there may be no need for us humans. Our sense of creativity and ingenuity is neither needed nor utilized as we can easily use a computer application to achieve those once rare results by that of human ingenuity. The internet through the use of the computer is now a medium for a number of services, such as online chatting, social sites, and dating. Interactions between humans have suffered with the use of these services. Those once memorable face-to-face moments have been replaced by a few clicks of the keyboard and mouse. There are individuals who cannot survive without the computer and in its absence suffer from depression and anxiety. In factories around the world, there are computers doing the jobs of once hard working men and women. This not only contributes to the unemployment rate, but also puts us in a position where we must question the need for humans in the work place. Basic daily tasks are now unnecessarily achieved by the computer and our children are no longer driven to improve on their mental andShow MoreRelatedSocietys Addiction to Computers Essay781 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology, computers have developed to be the leader of the world. Increasingly, computers are playing more roles in helping people to remember a friend’s birthday or maintain relationships with others. Therefore, they have contributed positive to the development of relationships and improvement of the general knowledge of the society. Critics however argue that the society is becoming progressively more dependent on computers. In this essay, the arguments for the dependency on computers will be presentedRead MoreIs Society Too Dependent On Computers / Phones?1130 Words   |  5 Pages Sixty-eight percent of Americans own smartphones and forty-five percent have tablet computers. With the increasing accessibility of technology, more people are relying on it to accomplish everyday tasks. People have become so dependent on technology that they can not function or accomplish even the simplest of tasks without involving some sort of device. Not only are people becoming too reliant, but also addicted to a point in which they no longer feel a need to interact with others in real lifeRead MoreEffects of Modern Technology852 Words   |  3 Pagestoday’s society is whether or not technology has a negative or positive effect. Whether it is something you see on TV or in one’s own everyday life, it is more popular to see someone’s face focused on a phone screen rather than buried in a book. Over the past few decades, technology has been getting more popular as new developments arise. Not only are cell phones a main priority, but also computers, the interne t and video games. Ever since the invention of the first programmable computer in the 1937Read MoreHow Computers Changed The Way We Work1059 Words   |  5 PagesThe word ‘computer’ is well-defined as someone or something who calculates. A computer is an overall purpose device that has industrialized a lot over the years. From the ENIAC to the flat screen laptop, it is remarkable to see how computers have advanced. We went from having a computer that occupied a huge room with what we have in the office and at home today – a miniature, efficient version of the first computer. Computer technology continues to progress and will continue to do so for ages toRead MoreAre we too Dependent on Computers?1091 Words   |  4 Pagestechnological society and we expect our machines to work. We take technologies for granted and, not to put too fine a point in it. When they fail, it seems like civilization is crashing around our ears (Matthew, 1999). While speaking about technology and dependency at the same time, one may directly think of computers due to their remarkable capabilities to make humans dependent on them because these machines reduce work pressure as well as the time needed to finish a specific task. Computers are programmableRead MoreAddiction to Technology1174 Words   |  5 PagesTechnology is merely a way of life to society today. It is fused into everyday life and is constantly linked to basic human affairs. Technology impacts other topics such as consumption, the environment, popular culture, education, and the media. Although the world needs certain technology devices to handle difficult tasks that humans alone cannot; cellphones, televisions, and computers are causing this generation to lose touch with the world as a whole. Society has made technology a necessity, asRead MorePeople Depend Too Much on Computers and Technology Essay692 Words   |  3 PagesPeople Depend Too Much On Computers and Technology Are we too dependent on computers? The answer is yes! In today’s society, people use computers in business, education, and in the entertainment world. Almost everything we do and every aspect of our life is affected by modern technology with computers at the top of the list. People obsess over computers. The computers do everything for us so we don’t have to use our brains anymore. People are losing their jobs due to the computers moving into theRead MoreTechnology’s Detrimental Effect on Society Essay1243 Words   |  5 Pagesto be almost everywhere we go. With advancements to cell phones, computers, video games, cars, and our iPods, our lives have become much easier than ever before. Technology is made because the society always wants to find more efficient methods of doing certain tasks. Without technology, mankind would not have discovered things that the majority of us now know, such as the world, animals, science, and the like. However, the society doe sn’t gain much benefit, besides their school and work dutiesRead MoreMobile Phone and People1469 Words   |  6 PagesTERM PAPER The production and sale of cigarettes should be made illegal. People have become overly dependent on technology. University students should pass the English proficiency test before graduation Argumentative Essay : People have become overly dependent on technology. Topic: People have become overly dependent on technology 1. Introduction (paragraph 1) A.Hook: Computer, hand phones, Internet, and latest gadgets such as GPStacking devices are not anymore unusual thing in our  dailyRead MoreWe Are Too Dependent On Computer Systems Essay952 Words   |  4 Pages We Are Too Dependent on Computer Systems It is said by Ray Kurzweil that in 15 years, computers will be smarter than the whole human race (Khomami). Is there any shred of truth to that statement and if so is it a problem? As a society, we are very dependent on software systems and computer technologies. We would be rendered almost completely helpless without our laptops, internet, and smart phones. While they generally make our lives easier, we have grown to need software technologies

Facts About Marijuana Essay - 893 Words

Facts About Marijuana Weed, pot, reefer, grass, dope, hash, herb, Mary Jane, ganja, skunk, boom, kif, gangster; these are all common names for the drug marijuana. Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States, which makes it a problem. Certain officials believe that legalizing this potentially harmful drug will solve the problems that are associated with it. But that is not true. In fact, legalizing marijuana would only make the situation much worse. Although many people argue both sides, it seems to come down to the question of what will the people actually use this substance for? Some say medical purposes, others say just for a quick high, but, no matter what way you look at it, marijuana is dangerous and it is†¦show more content†¦As for potency, drug traffickers would find ways to make their dope better than that legally allowed (Claim I 1-2). No matter what the government does to either help or appease the problem, its not going to go away. And other people would find w ays to get their buck out of it too. Legalization of marijuana would also lead to increased use and addiction. When the United States legalized alcohol and tobacco use it sent out a message to the people that it is something that is okay. Now, after long hours of research, the population knows that they arent okay and they arent good for you. There are over 50 million nicotine addicts, 18 million alcoholics or problem drinkers, and fewer than 2 million cocaine addicts in the United States. Cocaine is a much more addictive drug than alcohol. If cocaine were legally available, as alcohol and nicotine are now, the number of cocaine abusers would probably rise to #8230; perhaps 20 to 25 million (Claim III 1). Alaska tried to legalize marijuana, saying that the state could not interfere with a persons possession of marijuana in his home for personal use. Because of this ruling, many Alaskans took it as a signal to light up, especially the younger ones even though the ruling was for those persona over nineteen years of age. The University of Alaska did a study on it and concluded that theShow MoreRelated The Legalization of Marijuana Essay937 Words   |  4 PagesThe Legalization of Marijuana The legalization of the drug marijuana is a hot topic nowadays. Many people want this substance to be legalized and regularly available like cigarettes. But what some people do not know are the serious health risks involved when using marijuana. There is a lot more to marijuana than just smoking it. Marijuana can have very damaging affects on a person?s brain. It can impair a person?s short-term memory, decision-making and signal detectionRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legal? Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana is safer than tobacco and alcohol, more beneficial and healthier too. Marijuana, unlike tobacco and alcohol, never causes serious illnesses like cancers of the lungs, throat, and mouth, cirrhosis, dementia, or anything else. In actuality, medical marijuana is used to treat cancer cells. â€Å"The earliest use of cannabis as a medicine is attributed to the legendary Chinese Emperor Shen Nung, who is thought to have lived around 2700 BC.. Cannabis sativa is thought to have been grown for at leastRead MoreWhy We Should Legalize Weed Essay1088 Words   |  5 PagesLegalizing Weed How many times have you heard or read about legalizing marijuana in the last year? I have heard about it numerous times whether on TV, on the radio, on the Internet, or when reading a newspaper. Many people wants marijuana to be legalized and each has his or her own reason. Some of them want marijuana legalized to reduce drug related violence in southern states that border Mexico and in big cities such as Chicago. Others want marijuana legalized to offset the impact of the current rescissionRead MoreThe Cons Of Marijuana And Marijuana1449 Words   |  6 PagesEmma Biggs/Regalia Political Studies 22 October 2014 The Cons of Cannabis Although it is a highly common defense that marijuana is not addictive, it in fact is. Many regular smokers find themselves ridden with very similar withdrawal symptoms of a tobacco addict (Marijuana Addiction Symptoms and Effects). Around 9% of people who use find themselves dependent on marijuana (Is Marijuana Addictive?). That may not seem like much, but that is almost 1 in every 10 people hooked on a drug that is supposedlyRead MoreMedical Marijuana Laws and their Effects1556 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Medical Marijuana Laws and their Effects Keith Reese COM/156 7/23/2014 Jennifer Preus Medical Marijuana Laws and their Effects In 1936, George Herliman produced the propaganda film â€Å"Tell Your Children†, later titled â€Å"Reefer Madness†(â€Å"IMBD†, 1990-2014). This film, financed by a church group to display the exaggerated consequences of marijuana usage, was intended to inspire fear in parents and children alike. Though marijuana legalization has become a front burner topicRead MoreIt Is Time to Legalize Marijana1700 Words   |  7 Pagesam talking about is marijuana, and surprisingly it is all around us. Marijuana is even referred to in today’s media Mainstream media sources that people enjoy, like music, movies, and TV shows, do not even bother to leave the drug out of their system. Now being a young adult and having my own personal experience with the drug and knowing its effects on others, I wonder why it’s not legal. Why is it that this drug has become illegal all over the world? The debate to legalize marijuana in the UnitedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essays1254 Words   |  6 PagesLegalizing Marijuana has been a common subject for debate in the United States. As the debate continues on in the political system, marijuana has become the most popular illegal drug in the United States. There are many arguments for and against the legalizati on of marijuana ranging from the effects on the mind and body to the economic possibilities after legalization. Both sides embrace strong facts and stronger support, but much of these facts consist of similar research with contradicting resultsRead More Legalization of Marijuana Should Not Happen Essays954 Words   |  4 Pages The legalization of marijuana is a very controversial issue that is being debated across the United States. In the article Going to Pot?, by Damon Linker, Linker attempts to persuade readers that legalizing of marijuana can cause more harm than help. This publication was released in November of 2001. Although two other writers, Richard Lowry and Andrew Sullivan, try to change readers beliefs Linker maintains his stance against marijuana. Without discrediting their facts he explains and defendsRead MoreWhy Marijuana Should Be Legal1085 Words   |  5 PagesDear , Since the 1930s marijuana has been illegal in the United States. The debate to legalize marijuana has been a huge controversy since the existence of the drug. I believe that by legalizing marijuana America will be able to thrive in the future. Marijuana has been tested and proven to provide a very positive impact in the medical field, the economy, and crime. First and foremost, marijuana is legal in some states in the United States but for medical use only and other countries such as CanadaRead MoreIssue on Marijuana Essay example658 Words   |  3 PagesLegalization of Marijuana in the United States is an ongoing topic that has been going on for several years. There are vast majority of Americans who are for this move and against this move. While each side has several good arguments to defend their case, neither one has a distinct advantage over the other. I will be going over several arguments or point of views as well will have several facts about the effects of Marijuana whether it is good or bad. Marijuana is a very prominent and controversial

Use Of Tobacco In Australia Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Australia has been one of the taking counties that have a great path record of baccy control. In Australia, there are around 3 million people who smoke on a regular basis between the ages of 18 to 25. The addition in baccy control strategies that increased the monetary value of baccy merchandises have changed the manner people smoke. We will write a custom essay sample on Use Of Tobacco In Australia Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now In a recent survey, economic experts valued the nest eggs associated with avoided deceases and related diminutions in unwellness and disablement due to cut down baccy usage in Australia over the last 30 old ages at $ 8.6b ( NTS 2004 ) . The aims of the National Tobacco Strategy are the undermentioned: To assist forestall smoking uptake To assist and promote as many tobacco users as possible to discontinue smoke every bit shortly as they are able. To take exposures to harmful tobacco fume among non-smokers. If able, cut downing the harmful effects of continued usage of baccy and nicotine. Tobacco control schemes such as these increases the monetary value of baccy merchandises which changes people ‘s attitudes towards smoking through ordinances and runs that cut down baccy usage. ( NTS 2004 ) Regulation of Tobacco Promotion of Quit and Smoke free messages Cessation services and intervention Community support and instruction Addressing societal, economic and cultural determiners of wellness Tailoring enterprises for deprived groups Research, rating and monitoring A ; surveillance Regulation of Tobacco The purpose of the NTS is to extinguish all promotional merchandises of baccy by those in the baccy trade, and to seek to turn to to them of the injury caused by other positive portraitures of smoke in the media. Promotion of Quit and Smoke free messages The purpose of the NTS is to do the wellness hazards of smoking more personal and to increase people ‘s resoluteness in discontinuing and assist them be cognizant of many effectual therapies and contact inside informations for services. Cessation services and intervention The purpose of the NTS is to guarantee that every Australian tobacco user who are in contact with the wellness attention system are identified and be advised to discontinue, and that tobacco users who are likely to hold jobs discontinuing from smoking have easy entree to many appropriate and effectual pharmacotherapy ‘s. Community support and instruction The purpose of the NTS to lend attempts to forestall kids from smoke, and to guarantee that the community is intelligent about smoke. Addressing societal, economic and cultural determiners of wellness The purpose of the NTS is to cut down societal disaffection, along with many other negative effects by smoking and to put in baccy control as a cardinal scheme for forestalling and cut downing societal disadvantage. Tailoring enterprises for deprived groups The purpose of the NTS is to guarantee easy entree to many intervention, information and services for people in extremely disadvantaged groups who suffer from many smoking related injury. Research, rating and monitoring A ; surveillance The purpose of the NTS is to guarantee that research is conducted to measure the demands and place utile attacks and that appropriate systems are in topographic point to measure the cost-effectiveness of plans and policies and the extent to which these are being achieved. Harmonizing to the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotions, wellness publicity actions means Building Public wellness policies, Create supportive environments, Strengthen Community actions, develop personal accomplishments, Reorient Health service and traveling into the hereafter. Build Healthy Public Policy Health publicity policy combines attacks including financial steps, revenue enhancement statute law, and organisational alteration. Health publicity policy now requires the designation of obstructions to the acceptance of healthy public policies in non-health sectors, and ways of taking them. The purpose must be to do the healthier pick the easier pick for policy shapers every bit good ( Talbot and Verrinder, 2010, erectile dysfunction. 4, p.266 ) . Create Supportive Environments The guiding rule for the universe, states, parts and communities likewise, is the demand to promote them to take attention of each other, our communities and our natural environment. The demand to conserve natural resources throughout the universe should turns into a planetary duty. Strengthen Community Actions Community development needs bing stuff and human resources in the community to better societal support and to increase public engagement in wellness affairs. This will necessitate uninterrupted entree to more information and changeless support support. Develop Personal Skills Teaching people to larn throughout their life, to fix them to manage populating with chronic unwellness and hurts is really of import. This has been maintained at place, school, work and in the community. Reorient Health Servicess Health services will be required to encompass an expanded authorization which is really sensitive and respects cultural demands. This authorization will be required to back up the demands of different persons and communities for a more fitter life. Traveling into the Future Health is created by caring for oneself and others, by being able to take determinations and have control over one ‘s life fortunes, and by guaranting that the society one lives in creates conditions that allow the attainment of wellness by all its members ( Talbot and Verrinder, 2010, erectile dysfunction. 4, p.266 ) . Progress/ Improvements In my sentiment, the National Tobacco Strategy 2004-2009 was a well designed plan but there are still countries in the plan that needs farther betterment. The effectivity of this plan is reflected on the consequences of the figure of baccy consumption in Australia since the plan started. The NTS 2004-2009, in relation to the Ottawa Charter for Health publicities has met the demands on what wellness publicity actions truly intend such as Building Healthy Public Policy and so on. The National Tobacco Strategy 2004-2009 has built on the accomplishments of the old National trust 1999 to 2003-04, Much has been achieved by the actions of the province and district authoritiess since the early 1980s and more than 30 old ages of candidacy by non-government bureaus but there is still the demand for farther betterments. It was merely until 15 old ages ago ; publicities of baccy merchandises were legion. Many immature people were invariably shown legion advertizements which portrayed smoke to be merriment and made you look sophisticated. Even though the Tobacco Advertising Prohibition Act 1992 ( CDHA 2003 ) has enormously reduced advertisement through the media, many makers still continue to advance their baccy merchandises through many popular locales such as dark nines. It was merely late that the act has been reviewed and many amendments have been proposed to greatly implement limitations on current and lifting signifiers of advertisement. Adding more financess on Quit Smoking runs would assist to promote more people to discontinue smoke. This will besides increase the gross revenues of many pharmaceutical companies by promoting people to utilize their merchandises that improve the rate of people who chose to discontinue smoke. Many behavioral support services such as the state quitline now operate in many province and district but will necessitate to hold increased support if it is to manage an increasing demand from referrals from wellness professionals ; it besides needs to increase publicity in the media. Even thought there are around 80,000 people who call the Quitline in 2003 ( Kriven S, 2003 ) , but this lone nowadays a little sum of Australian tobacco users but this would besides increase if it is promoted even more. Records of baccy excise responsibility payments suggest that baccy ingestion in Australia has fallen well over the past 30 old ages since the debut of baccy control policies Among big males, smoking prevalence dropped from 45 % in 1974 to around 27 % in the late ninetiess ; among females it fell from 30 % to 23 % ( Scollo, M VCTC ) . Smoking among secondary school pupils in Australia began to worsen in the late 1980s ; it increased once more in the early to mid-1990s and declined once more at the terminal of the last decennary. The smoke around non-smokers has besides dropped significantly, with more and more workplaces censoring smoke at work. Scollo M. Annual per capita ingestion in Australia, 1903 to 2001-02. VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control, Melbourne, 2003. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vctc.org.au/tcres/PublicConsumptionEstimatesAus1901to2002.xls. Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing. Tobacco Advertising Prohibition Act 1992 Issues Paper. Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing, 2003. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.health.gov.au/pubhlth/strateg/drugs/tobacco/ consult/index.htm on August 2003. Th vitamin E Cancer Council Australia. Review of the Tobacco Advertising Prohibition Act: entry on behalf of Australian wellness administrations. 2003, Melbourne: VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control. Wakefi eld M, Freeman J, and Donovan R. Recall and response of tobacco users and recent quitters to the Australian National Tobacco Campaign. Tob Control. 2003 ; 12: ( Suppl 2 ) : II15-II22 Scollo M. Towards an Australian national policy for the intervention of dependance on tobacco-delivered nicotine. 2003, Melbourne: VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control. Kriven S. Estimate of calls to the Quitline, 2003, personal communicating. 2004, Tobacco Control Research and Evaluation: Adelaide. How to cite Use Of Tobacco In Australia Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Credit risk management in vijaya bank free essay sample

Indian economy today is in the process of becoming a world class economy. The Indian banking industry is making great advancement in terms of quality, quantity, expansion and diversification and is keeping up with the updated technology, ability; stability and thrust of a financial system, where the commercial banks play a very important role emphasize the need of a strong effective control system with extra concern for the risk involved in the business. In the fast growing world, banks are facing many types of risks among which credit risk stands at the top of the list. One bank was chosen to understand the practices followed by them in depth. Vijaya bank is one of the public sector banks and is supposed to be in line with RBI guidelines. This helped in understanding the credit risk management practices followed by the bank in a better way. GLOBAL SCENARIO The period 2007-2012 underwent financial crisis, also known as the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), or the â€Å"Great Recession†, is considered by many economists to be the worst financial crisis since the great depression of the 1930? . This resulted in the collapse of large financial institutions, the bailout of banks by national Governments, and downturns in stock markets around the world. Even the housing market suffered, resulting in evictions, foreclosures and prolonged unemployment contributing to the failure of key businesses, declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of US dollars, and a significant decline in the economic activity, leading to a severe 2008-2012 global recessions. The bursting of the U. S. ousing bubble, which peaked in 2007, caused the values of securities tied to U. S. real estate pricing to plummet, damaging financial institutions globally. The financial crisis was triggered by a complex interplay of valuation and liquidity problems in the United States banking system in 2008. Securities in stock markets suffered large losses during the 2008 and early 2009. Economies worldwide slowed down during this period, as credit tightened and international trade declined. This financial cri sis ended by around late 2008 and mid-2009. The current European sovereign debt crisis is an ongoing financial crisis that has made it difficult or impossible for some countries in the euro area to re-finance their Government debt without the assistance of third parties. From late 2009, fears of a sovereign debt crisis developed among investors as a result of the rising Government debt levels around the world together with a wave of downgrading of Government debt in some European states. Concerns intensified in early 2010 and thereafter, leading Europe? finance ministers on 9 May 2010 approved a rescue package worth â‚ ¬750 billion to ensure financial stability across Europe creating the European financial stability facility (EFSF). In October 2011 and February 2012, the Euro zone leaders agreed on more measures designed to prevent the collapse of member economies. DOMESTIC SCENARIO Indian banking industry has evolved over a long period of more than two centuries. Despite the recent growth of private banks, the sector is dominated by Government-controlled banks that hold nearly three-fourths of total banks assets. Indian banking industry is considered to be very stable with healthy balance sheets and low exposure to risky assets. The global financial crises have not affected the Indian banks significantly. Internet, wireless technology and global straight-through processing have created a paradigm shift in the banking industry. In India, the most significant achievement of the financial sector reforms is the improvement in the financial health of commercial banks in terms of capital adequacy, profitability and asset quality as well as greater attention to risk management. As now banks benchmark themselves against global standards, they have increased the disclosures and transparency in bank balance sheets, the banks also started focusing more on corporate governance. RISKS FACED IN AN ORGANIZATION Risk Management Risk is derived from the Italian word ResCare meaning â€Å"to dare†. Risk is â€Å"the probability of the unexpected happening – the probability of suffering a loss†. Risk provides the basis for opportunity. Risk is the probable variability of returns. Since it is not always possible or desirable to eliminate risk, understanding it is an important step in determining how to manage it. Identifying exposures and risks forms the basis for an appropriate financial risk management strategy. In the financial arena, enterprise risks can be broadly categorized as credit risk, market risk, operational risk, strategic risk, funding risk, political and legal risk. TYPES OF RISKS Risk faced by the bank can be segmented into three separable types from the management perspective.. †¢Risks that can be eliminated or avoided by simple business practices. Risks that can be transferred to other business participants (e. g. insurance policy) and, †¢Risks that can be actively managed at the Bank level. Risk is any real or potential event, action or omission, internal or external, which will have an adverse impact on the achievement of bank’s defined objectives. It is inherent in every business. Risk cannot be totally eliminated but is to be managed. Risks are to be categorized as high risk, medium risk and low risk and managed. Risks can be classified into three categories: †¢Credit risk †¢Market risk (interest rate risk, liquidity risk) †¢Operational risk CREDIT RISK Credit risk is the â€Å"possibility of loss from a credit transaction†. In a bank’s portfolio, losses stem from outright default due to inability or unwillingness of a customer or counterparty to meet commitments in relation to lending, trading, settlement and other financial transactions. Credit risk emanates from bank? s dealings with individuals, corporate, bank, financial institution or a sovereign. Credit risk includes the following: †¢Credit growth in the organisation and composition of the credit folio in terms of sectors, centres, and size of borrowing activities so as to assess he extent of credit concentration. Credit quality in terms of standard, sub-standard, doubtful and loss-making assets. †¢Extent of the provisions made towards poor quality credits. †¢Volume of off-balance-sheet exposures having a bearing on the credit portfolio. MARKET RISK Market risk is the possibility of loss to a bank caused by changes in the market variables. Market risk is the risk to the banks earnings and capital due to changes in the market level of interest rates or prices of securities, foreign exchange and equities, as well as the volatilities of those prices. Operational risk is the â€Å"risk of direct or indirect loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal processes, people, and systems or from external events†. RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS The word â€Å"process† connotes a continuing activity or function towards a particular result. The process is the vehicle to implement an organisation’s risk principles and policies, aided by organisational structure. In general, the process can be summarised as follows: †¢Risk identification. †¢Risk measurement. †¢Risk monitoring. †¢Risk control. VIJAYA BANK INTRODUCTION Vijaya Bank is a nationalized scheduled commercial bank. The bank celebrated its platinum jubilee last financial year as it was established in 1931. The bank was nationalized on 15. 4. 1980 under the banking companies (Acquisition Transfer undertakings) Act, 1980 and Nationalized banks (Management Miscellaneous Provisions) Scheme 1980. The bank is also governed by the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 and is engaged in various businesses as fully defined under Section 6 of the said Act. Presently the Govt. Of India’s share in the Bank’s equity works out to 53. 87%. The bank is managed by a duly constituted Board of directors. The present strength of Board of directors of the bank is 12, comprising of 2 executive and 10 non-executive directors having expertise in various fields. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE The organisational structure of the bank consists of three tiers viz. , Head office, Regional offices and branches. The Head office is in Bangalore. The bank has 20 regional offices to exercise immediate supervision and control over the branches under their jurisdiction. All regional offices are headed by experienced executives in senior/top management grade. Further, as the extended wings of the central inspection department, the bank has set up 9 regional inspectorates. HISTORY Vijaya Bank was founded on 23rd October 1931 by late Shri Attavara Balakrishna Shetty and other enterprising farmers in Mangalore, Karnataka. The objective of the founders was essentially to promote banking habit, thrift and entrepreneurship among the farming community of Dakshina Kannada District in Karnataka State. The bank became a scheduled bank in 1958. Vijaya Bank steadily grew into a large All India Bank, with 9 smaller banks merging with it during the 1963-68. The credit for this merger as well as growth goes to late Shri M. Sunder Ram Shetty, who was then the Chief Executive of the bank. The bank was nationalised on 15th April 1980. The bank has built a network of 1250 branches, 48 extension counters and 663 ATMs as at 31. 10. 2011, that span all 28 states and 4 union territories in the country. FOUNDING PRINCIPLE To promote banking habit, thrift and entrepreneurship among the farming community of Dakshina Kannada District in Karnataka state. CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN VIJAYA BANK The bank’s net profit has seen a growth of 234% and the total business is up by 16%. The banks deposits are up by 13% and gross advances are up by 19%. The credit risk exposure is increased to 80064. 90 as of Sep, 30 2011. The credit risk of the bank has decreased over the past five years. They have installed an integrated risk management system in line with BASEL II norms and RBI guidelines. They follow strict hedging policies to reduce credit risk of the bank. They take financial collaterals and guarantees to hedge their credit risk. Hence all the policies and strategies have led to a sound credit risk management system. The bank has put in place a robust risk management architecture with due focus not only on capital optimisation, but also on profit maximization, i. e. to do maximum business out of the available capital which in turn maximize profit or return on equity. In capital planning process, the bank reviews: †¢Current capital requirement of the bank †¢The targeted and sustainable capital in terms of business strategy and risk appetite. Capital need and capital optimization are monitored periodically by the CapitalPlanning Committee comprising Top Executives. Sensitivity analysis is conducted quarterly on the movement of Capital Adequacy Ratio, considering the projected growth in advances, investments in Subsidiaries/ Joint Ventures and the impact of Basel II framework etc. The Committee takes into consideration various options available for capital augmentation in tune with business growth and realignment of Capital structure duly undertaking the scenario analysis for capital optimization. CRAR of the Bank is projected to be well above the 12% in the medium term horizon of 3 years, as prescribed in the ICAPP Policy. The Bank’s policies maintain moderation in risk appetite and a healthy balance between risk and return in a prudent manner. The primary risk management goals are to maximize value for share holders within acceptable parameters and to the requirements of regulatory authorities, depositors and other stakeholders. The guiding principles in risk management of the Bank comprise of Compliance with regulatory and legal requirements, achieving a balance between risk and return, ensuring independence of risk functions, and aligning risk management and business objectives. The Credit Risk Management process of the Bank is driven by a strong organizational culture and sound operating procedures, involving corporate values, attitudes, competencies, employment of business intelligence tools, internal control culture, effective internal reporting and contingency planning. The overall objectives of the Bank? s Credit Risk Management are to: †¢Ensure credit growth, both qualitatively and quantitatively that would be sectorally balanced, diversified with optimum dispersal of risk. †¢Ensure adherence to the regulatory prudential norms on exposures and portfolios. Adequately enable to price various risks in the credit exposure. Form part of an integrated system of risk management encompassing identification, measurement, monitoring and control. POLICIES, STRATEGIES AND PROCESSES The Board of directors and Risk management Committee of the Board gives directions, the Credit Risk management committee headed by Chairman and Managing Director ensures its implementation. The bank has defined policy guidelines for Credit Risk Management, Collateral Management and Credit Risk Mitigation (CRM), Ratings, etc. The bank has taken up implementation of Integrated Risk Management system through six solutions for Credit Risk Rating, Credit Risk, Market Risk, Operational Risk, and ALM FTP to move towards advanced BASEL II norms. The Income recognition and Asset classification norms of Banks? policy are in tune with RBI guidelines. Ninety days delinquency norm is followed to classify assets as performing non-performing. The data is audited and adequate provisions for both performing and non-performing assets are made. For restructured assets additional provision is made and the bank also has a general floating provision. CREDIT RISK MITIGATION †¢The general principles, like having a specific lien, requisite minimum margin stipulation, valuation, legal certainty, documentation, periodical inspection, easy liquidity etc. as enumerated in BASEL II final guidelines of RBI has been used for credit risk mitigation techniques. †¢All the prescribed haircuts with adjustments for currency mismatch and maturity mismatch are done. †¢The financial collaterals are netted out of the credit exposure before assigning the risk weights. The effect of credit risk mitigation system is not double counted. The financial collaterals taken include: 1. Bank’s own term deposits . Cash margin 3. Life policies 4. NSCs 5. KVPs 6. Gold benchmarked at 99. 99 purity For each separate credit risk portfolio, the total exposure covered by eligible financial collateral after the application of haircuts is shown in the Table below: Credit Risk Exposure Exposure CRM (fin. Collaterals)Net exposure Loans and advances54303. 652659. 09 51644. 56 Non fund based5261. 22 767. 564493. 66 Investment 20500. 03 0. 0020500. 03 Total80064. 90 3426. 6576638. 25 CREDIT RATING FRAMEWORK Credit Rating Framework (CRF) is one of the risk measurement techniques the banks use to a great extent under risk management system. This is used primarily to standardize and uniformly communicate the judgment in credit selection procedure and not as a substitute to the vast lending experience accumulated by the Bank’s professional staff. CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK AT VIJAYA BANK As per RBI guidelines on Integrated Risk Management of Banks, all exposures across the Bank have to be risk rated. In this regard, IBM-BCS, Bank appointed Consultants recommended the following in respect of Credit Risk Management Framework for the Bank. SANCTIONING POWER DETAILS OF EXPOSURES COVEREDRATING MODEL DGM AND ABOVE Typically large value xposures (i. e. , above Rs. 200 lakhs)CRISIL? Risk Assessment Model CM/DM AND AGM Typically medium sized exposures (i. e. , above Rs. 30 lakhs)Manual Rating Model BRANCH POWER ACCOUNT Typically small value exposuresPortfolio Model Approach PROCESSES AND PRACTICES OF CREDIT RISK MANAGEMENT †¢The bank has understood the need for credit risk management as described by RBI. †¢They have identified the types of risks and are disclosed in the BASEL II disclosures every quarter appropriately in the banks website. †¢Credit risk faced by the bank is properly identified which includes the following: 1. The gross credit risk exposure has grown to Rs. 80064. 90 crore as of 30. 9. 2011 which is a 29% increase from the previous year that is 30. 9. 2010. 2. Credit quality has is standard due to their sound credit risk management system. 3. They have made sufficient provisions for NPAs, NPIs and depreciation. 4. Volume of off-balance sheet exposures for both financial collateral and guarantee covered credit portfolio together is Rs. 136281. 33 crore as of 30. 9. 2011 as against Rs. 101320. 2 crore as of 30. 9. 2010. †¢The bank decides on how much risk to take based on their risk appetite. The bank’s risk management policy is fine tuned to include credit appraisal standard like benchmark/hurdle ratios on key financial indicators, internal ceilings, prudential norms, etc. besides covering exposure ceiling for sensitive sectors such as capital market, real estate and commodity sector. †¢The credit risk exposure for the last five years is shown in the figure below: Figure: Credit risk exposure of the bank for the last five years (Source: Balance sheet of Vijaya bank CREDIT RISK MITIGATION †¢Based on the policies strategies are developed by the bank to mitigate credit risk. Credit risk is mitigated by appropriate credit appraisal systems before lending and proper collateral or guarantees are taken to hedge the risk. †¢Integrated risk management system is put in place for better management of credit risk and a risk rating software is installed which is developed by CRISIL in compliance with RBI guidelines. †¢The risk management function is reviewe d periodically usually every quarter. †¢The rating system for term loans is annual. †¢The risk weights of the bank’s products are shown in the figure below: Figure: Risk weights of the bank’s products (Source: Vijaya bank website) FINDINGS The bank has a documented credit risk management policy. †¢The bank uses credit rating system to assess credit risk as a part of loan lending mechanism. †¢They use standardised approach for credit risk measurement currently and are fine tuning to upgrade to advanced approaches as per RBI guidelines. †¢They have implemented an integrated risk management system as per RBI guidelines †¢They mitigate credit risk exposure through diversification, collaterals and guarantees. †¢The credit risk exposure of the bank has decreased considerably in the last five years indicating a sound risk management policy. The risk weights associated with the banks? products are in line with RBI guidelines. †¢They have regular trainings for their credit risk management teams on the policies and guidelines. They rely on ratings provided by CRISIL/CARE/ICRA as per RBI guidelines. RECOMMENDATIONS They can invest in securitisation as securitisation exposures are nil. †¢They have to start preparing for BASEL III norms which might come into effect in the near future. †¢They can further decrease their credit risk exposures with better credit risk management policies and advanced approaches as per RBI guidelines. Bank should include credit risk component in yearly forecast based on multiple market scenarios CONCLUSION The bank follows a sound credit risk management and credit risk mitigation policy which is proven by the decreasing credit risk exposure of the bank for the past five years. The bank has adhered to RBI guidelines and implemented BASEL II norms and an integrated risk management system and risk rating software. The credit risk policies and strategies of the bank have improved over years and the bank is in a better position.  The study shows that compliance with BASEL II norms helps the banks to improve their profitability through better credit risk management systems.